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Version: 9.x

Links & Request Batching

Similar to urql's exchanges or Apollo's links. Links enables you to customize the flow of data between tRPC Client and the tRPC-server.

Request Batching​

Request batching is automatically enabled which batches your requests to the server, this can make the below code produce exactly one HTTP request and on the server exactly one database query:

ts
// below will be done in the same request when batching is enabled
const somePosts = await Promise.all([
  client.query('post.byId', 1),
  client.query('post.byId', 2),
  client.query('post.byId', 3),
])
ts
// below will be done in the same request when batching is enabled
const somePosts = await Promise.all([
  client.query('post.byId', 1),
  client.query('post.byId', 2),
  client.query('post.byId', 3),
])

Customizing data flow​

The below examples assuming you use Next.js, but the same as below can be added if you use the vanilla tRPC client

Setting a maximum batch size​

This limits the number of requests that can be sent together in batch ( useful to prevent the url from getting too large and run into HTTP error 413 ).

server.ts
ts
import type { AppRouter } from 'pages/api/trpc/[trpc]';
import { withTRPC } from '@trpc/next';
import { AppType } from 'next/dist/shared/lib/utils';
// 👇 import the httpBatchLink
import { httpBatchLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpBatchLink';
const MyApp: AppType = ({ Component, pageProps }) => {
  return <Component {...pageProps} />;
};
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    return {
      links: [
        httpBatchLink({
          url: '/api/trpc',
          maxBatchSize: 10 // a reasonable size
        }),
      ],
    };
  },
})(MyApp);
server.ts
ts
import type { AppRouter } from 'pages/api/trpc/[trpc]';
import { withTRPC } from '@trpc/next';
import { AppType } from 'next/dist/shared/lib/utils';
// 👇 import the httpBatchLink
import { httpBatchLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpBatchLink';
const MyApp: AppType = ({ Component, pageProps }) => {
  return <Component {...pageProps} />;
};
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    return {
      links: [
        httpBatchLink({
          url: '/api/trpc',
          maxBatchSize: 10 // a reasonable size
        }),
      ],
    };
  },
})(MyApp);

Disabling request batching​

1. Disable batching on your server:​

In your [trpc].ts:

pages/api/trpc/[trpc].ts
ts
export default trpcNext.createNextApiHandler({
  // [...]
  // 👇 disable batching
  batching: {
    enabled: false,
  },
});
pages/api/trpc/[trpc].ts
ts
export default trpcNext.createNextApiHandler({
  // [...]
  // 👇 disable batching
  batching: {
    enabled: false,
  },
});
pages/_app.tsx
tsx
import type { AppRouter } from 'pages/api/trpc/[trpc]';
import { withTRPC } from '@trpc/next';
import { AppType } from 'next/dist/shared/lib/utils';
// 👇 import the httpLink
import { httpLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpLink';
const MyApp: AppType = ({ Component, pageProps }) => {
  return <Component {...pageProps} />;
};
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    return {
      links: [
        httpLink({
          url: '/api/trpc',
        }),
      ],
    };
  },
  // ssr: false,
})(MyApp);
pages/_app.tsx
tsx
import type { AppRouter } from 'pages/api/trpc/[trpc]';
import { withTRPC } from '@trpc/next';
import { AppType } from 'next/dist/shared/lib/utils';
// 👇 import the httpLink
import { httpLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpLink';
const MyApp: AppType = ({ Component, pageProps }) => {
  return <Component {...pageProps} />;
};
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    return {
      links: [
        httpLink({
          url: '/api/trpc',
        }),
      ],
    };
  },
  // ssr: false,
})(MyApp);

Disable batching for certain requests​

1. Configure client / _app.tsx​
pages/_app.tsx
tsx
import { withTRPC } from '@trpc/next';
import { httpBatchLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpBatchLink';
import { httpLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpLink';
import { splitLink } from '@trpc/client/links/splitLink';
// [..]
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    const url = `http://localhost:3000`;
    return {
      links: [
        splitLink({
          condition(op) {
            // check for context property `skipBatch`
            return op.context.skipBatch === true;
          },
          // when condition is true, use normal request
          true: httpLink({
            url,
          }),
          // when condition is false, use batching
          false: httpBatchLink({
            url,
          }),
        }),
      ],
    };
  },
})(MyApp);
pages/_app.tsx
tsx
import { withTRPC } from '@trpc/next';
import { httpBatchLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpBatchLink';
import { httpLink } from '@trpc/client/links/httpLink';
import { splitLink } from '@trpc/client/links/splitLink';
// [..]
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    const url = `http://localhost:3000`;
    return {
      links: [
        splitLink({
          condition(op) {
            // check for context property `skipBatch`
            return op.context.skipBatch === true;
          },
          // when condition is true, use normal request
          true: httpLink({
            url,
          }),
          // when condition is false, use batching
          false: httpBatchLink({
            url,
          }),
        }),
      ],
    };
  },
})(MyApp);
2. Perform request without batching​
MyComponent.tsx
tsx
export function MyComponent() {
  const postsQuery = trpc.useQuery(['posts'], {
    context: {
      skipBatch: true,
    },
  });
  return (
    <pre>{JSON.stringify(postsQuery.data ?? null, null, 4)}</pre>
  )
})
MyComponent.tsx
tsx
export function MyComponent() {
  const postsQuery = trpc.useQuery(['posts'], {
    context: {
      skipBatch: true,
    },
  });
  return (
    <pre>{JSON.stringify(postsQuery.data ?? null, null, 4)}</pre>
  )
})

or:

client.ts
ts
const postResult = client.query('posts', null, {
  context: {
    skipBatch: true,
  },
})
client.ts
ts
const postResult = client.query('posts', null, {
  context: {
    skipBatch: true,
  },
})
pages/_app.tsx
tsx
import type { AppRouter } from 'pages/api/trpc/[trpc]';
import { TRPCLink } from '@trpc/client';
const customLink: TRPCLink<AppRouter> = (runtime) => {
  // here we just got initialized in the app - this happens once per app
  // useful for storing cache for instance
  return ({ prev, next, op }) => {
    // this is when passing the result to the next link
    next(op, (result) => {
      // this is when we've gotten result from the server
      if (result instanceof Error) {
        // maybe send to bugsnag?
      }
      prev(result);
    });
  };
};
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    return {
      links: [
        customLink,
        // [..]
        // ❗ Make sure to end with a `httpBatchLink` or `httpLink`
      ],
    };
  },
  // ssr: false
})(MyApp);
pages/_app.tsx
tsx
import type { AppRouter } from 'pages/api/trpc/[trpc]';
import { TRPCLink } from '@trpc/client';
const customLink: TRPCLink<AppRouter> = (runtime) => {
  // here we just got initialized in the app - this happens once per app
  // useful for storing cache for instance
  return ({ prev, next, op }) => {
    // this is when passing the result to the next link
    next(op, (result) => {
      // this is when we've gotten result from the server
      if (result instanceof Error) {
        // maybe send to bugsnag?
      }
      prev(result);
    });
  };
};
export default withTRPC<AppRouter>({
  config() {
    return {
      links: [
        customLink,
        // [..]
        // ❗ Make sure to end with a `httpBatchLink` or `httpLink`
      ],
    };
  },
  // ssr: false
})(MyApp);